Methane (CH4), a kind of primary constituent of natural gas, is colorless and odorless. It can form explosive mixtures in coal mines and ambient air. That’s why scientists tried many ways to monitor whether the CH4 concentration reaches the lower explosive limit.
Central fueling is a crucial issue for the development of the next-step fusion device, such as the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), since it’s beneficial to increase the pressure gradient of trapped particles, optimize the bootstrap current and improve the tritium burnup rate as well as reduce the requirement of tritium breeding ratio for tritium self-sufficiency. CT-injection is one of the most promising methods for central fueling of large tokamak fusion devices because of its extremely high injection velocity.
Lead-based reactor is the most promising one among Gen-IV nuclear reactors, but its coolant, i.e. lead-bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE), has serious corrosive effect on structural materials at high temperature or velocity. When the oxygen concentration in LBE is controlled to an appropriate level, a protective dense oxide scale, which separates structural materials from LBE, will be formed on the surface of structural materials to resist the corrosion. However, the external stress caused by the load and thermal cycle may lead to the rupture and failure of the oxide scale during long time operation.
Osteoporosis is a common debilitating bone disease, which is characterized by bone loss and degeneration of bone structure, primarily caused by an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. When bone resorption exceeds bone formation, it will lead to low bone density and increase the risk of fractures, leading to osteoporosis.
It's commonly known that the electrocatalytic nitrogen (N2) reduction reaction (NRR) can convert N2 and H2O into Ammonia (NH3), one of the most essential chemicals in ecological system. With renewable electricity under mild conditions, it’s envisaged as a promising strategy to replace the industrial Haber-Bosch process. However, this method is still far away from the practical application because the developed NRR electrocatalysts and electrocatalysis system possess low NH3 yield and current efficiency.